Role of Condensed Tannins in the Antioxidant Activity of Seeds of Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. (Malvaceae)

Background: Native to West Africa, Cola nitida is a tropical tree of about 8-12 in height that grows in lowland rainforest. This plant is best known in Africa for its seeds, used in phytotherapy but for their socio-cultural importance. Aims/Objective: This study investigated the antioxidant activity of condensed tannins of Cola nitida seeds by carrying out two antioxidant tests (DPPH and FRAP). Methods: From a hydro-ethanolic extract of Cola nitida seeds, two samples were made. One treated with casein (EC) and another one without treatment (EWC). The researsh of condensed tannins were carried out by precipitation with Stiasny reagent. The total polyphenol and tannin contents were evaluated by the Folin-Denis method and the antioxidant power by DPPH and FRAP tests. Results: Extract without treatment (EWC) showed more antioxidant activity than the extract treated with casein (EC). Thus, the IC50 of EWC which contains condensed tannins was 5.54±0.005 µg/ml, while that of EC (without condensed tannins) reached 61.92±0.165 µg/ml. Conclusion: Cola nitida seeds are rich in condensed tannins that play an important role in the antioxidant activity.

Estudo do potencial antiviral sobre Sars Cov-2 dos compostos identificados nas folhas do extrato bruto de Eugenia pyriformis / Study of the antiviral potential on Sars Cov-2 of compounds identified in the leaves of the gross extract of Eugenia pyriformis / Estudio del potencial antiviral sobre Sars Cov-2 de los compuestos identificados en las hojas del extracto crudo de Eugenia pyriformis

Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (Myrtaceae), conhecida popularmente como uvaia. Em seus frutos são encontrados compostos fenólicos com ação antioxidante e nas folhas foram detectados altos teores de flavonoides e taninos hidrolisados que se mostraram inibidor da protease de 2019 - nCoV e SARS-CoV. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi a obtenção do extrato bruto das folhas, a análise da composição química e a possibilidade da ação antiviral frente ao SARS COV-2. O extrato bruto (EB) foi obtido a partir das folhas secas de E. pyriformis, pela técnica de maceração dinâmica com esgotamento do solvente (etanol 90º GL) e concentrado em evaporador rotativo. Seis gramas do EB foram fracionados em cromatografia em coluna, e eluído com hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e metanol, as frações foram concentradas em um evaporador rotativo (Tecnal TE-210). O EB e as frações foram identificadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (CLAE-ESI/qTOF). A identificação química do extrato bruto e frações das folhas de E. pyriformis evidenciou a presença de compostos fenólicos destacando os ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides e taninos. De forma complementar, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a provável ação antiviral dos compostos fenólicos e taninos presentes nas folhas de uvaia. Os resultados evidenciaram que os flavonoides quercetina e kaempferol possuem ação antiviral quando se ligam a glicoproteína do envelope ou capsídeo viral interferindo na ligação e penetração do vírus na célula. Este resultado coloca as folhas de E. pyriformis na lista de plantas com ação antiviral.

Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (Myrtaceae), popularly known as uvaia. In its fruits, phenolic compounds with antioxidant action are found and in the leaves, high levels of flavonoids and hydrolyzed tannins were detected, which proved to be an inhibitor of the 2019 protease - nCoV and SARS-CoV. In this sense, the objective of this study was to obtain the crude extract of the leaves, the analysis of the chemical composition and the possibility of antiviral action against SARS COV-2. The crude extract (EB) was obtained from the dried leaves of E. pyriformis, by the dynamic maceration technique with solvent exhaustion (ethanol 90º GL) and concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Six grams of EB were fractionated in column chromatography, and eluted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol, the fractions were concentrated on a rotary evaporator (Tecnal TE-210). EB and fractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography using high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/qTOF). The chemical identification of the crude extract and fractions of E. pyriformis leaves evidenced the presence of phenolic compounds, highlighting phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. In addition, a bibliographic survey was carried out on the probable antiviral action of phenolic compounds and tannins present in uvaia leaves. The results showed that the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol have antiviral action when they bind to the envelope glycoprotein or viral capsid, interfering with the binding and penetration of the virus into the cell. This result places E. pyriformis leaves in the list of plants with antiviral action.

Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (Myrtaceae), conocida popularmente como uvaia. En sus frutos se encuentran compuestos fenólicos con acción antioxidante y en las hojas se detectaron altos contenidos de flavonoides y taninos hidrolizados que demostraron inhibir la proteasa de 2019 - nCoV y SARS-CoV. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener el extracto crudo de las hojas, el análisis de la composición química y la posibilidad de acción antiviral contra el SARS COV-2. El extracto crudo (EB) se obtuvo a partir de las hojas secas de E. pyriformis, mediante la técnica de maceración dinámica con agotamiento del disolvente (etanol 90º GL) y se concentró en evaporador rotatorio. Seis gramos de EB se fraccionaron en cromatografía en columna, y se eluyeron con hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo y metanol, las fracciones se concentraron en un evaporador rotatorio (Tecnal TE-210). El EB y las fracciones se identificaron mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HPLC-ESI/qTOF). La identificación química del extracto crudo y de las fracciones de las hojas de E. pyriformis mostró la presencia de compuestos fenólicos destacando los ácidos fenólicos, los flavonoides y los taninos. De forma complementaria, se realizó un estudio bibliográfico sobre la probable acción antiviral de los compuestos fenólicos y los taninos presentes en las hojas de la uva. Los resultados mostraron que los flavonoides quercetina y kaempferol tienen acción antiviral cuando se unen a la glicoproteína de la envoltura o cápside viral, interfiriendo en la unión y penetración del virus en la célula. Este resultado sitúa a las hojas de E. pyriformis en la lista de plantas con acción antiviral.

Tannin rich medicinal plants / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Abstract@#Secondary metabolites present in the plants are predominantly responsible for treating various ailments. Secondary metabolites are also called as plant constituents or natural compounds which exert significant pharmacological and toxicological effects in humankind. The chemical compounds present in the plant sources are categorized as primary and secondary metabolites based on the chemical structure and biosynthetic derivation. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. Tannins are phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites of plants widespread in terrestrial and aquatic natural environments. As they can be found in plenty of plants and herbs, they have been traditionally used for medicinal and other purposes, such as the leather industry. This fact is explained by the fact that they exert plenty of different biological activities and, thus, they entail a great potential to be used in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industry.</br> Among the biological activities of tannins, the most relevant ones are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, healing and antimicrobial (antiviral and antibacterial) </br> Consequently, this review article is directed towards the description of the biological activities exerted by tannins as they could be further extracted from by-products of the agri-food industry to produce high-added-value products.

Actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora de extractos e infusión de Minthostachys Mollis y Plantago Major

La muña y el llantén son plantas de la región andina de Bolivia, tradicionalmente sus hojas son utilizadas en forma de infusión debido a sus propiedades analgésica y gastroprotectora. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora de extractos e infusión de hojas de muña (Minthostachys mollis) y llantén (Plantago major), mediante de pruebas biológicas en Rattus norvegicus. Métodos: estudio de tipo experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, en el que se evaluó la actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora en 30 Rattus norvegicus divididos en seis lotes: control, patrón, problema I, II, III, IV, a los cuales se les indujo contorsiones abdominales con ácido acético glacial y ulceras gástricas con etanol absoluto. Resultados: la infusión de muña y llantén presento 81,4% de actividad analgésica y un porcentaje por encima del 100% de efectividad, 60% de actividad gastroprotectora y 100% de efectividad con relación al número de lesiones. Asimismo, 69,6% de actividad gastroprotectora y 95,9% de efectividad con respecto al grado de la lesión. Estos porcentajes descritos fueron superiores en comparación a los porcentajes del extracto de muña, llantén, extractos combinados. La prueba de ANOVA un factor de Kruskal-Wallis, revelo diferencia estadística significativa (p0,05 (p=0,167 número de lesiones y p=0,384 grado de lesión); IC 95%). Conclusiones: la infusión de muña y llantén tienen mejor actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora en comparación con los extractos.

Muña and llantén are plants from the Andean region of Bolivia, traditionally their leaves are used as an infusion due to their analgesic and gastroprotective properties. Objective: to evaluate the analgesic and gastroprotective activity of extracts and infusion of muña (Minthostachys mollis) and llantén (Plantago major) leaves, using biological tests in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: an experimental, prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in which the analgesic and gastroprotective activity was evaluated in 30 Rattus norvegicus divided into six lots: control, standard, problem I, II, III, IV, to which abdominal convulsions were induced with glacial acetic acid and gastric ulcers with absolute ethanol. Results: the infusion of muña and llantén presented 81.4% analgesic activity and an effectiveness percentage above 100%, 60% gastroprotective activity and 100% effectiveness in relation to the number of lesions. Similarly, 69.6% gastroprotective activity and 95.9% effectiveness with respect to the degree of injury. These percentages described were higher in comparison to the percentages of muña extract, llantén extract, combined extracts. The ANOVA one-factor Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a statistically significant difference (p0.05 (p=0.167 number of lesions and p=0.384 degree of injury); 95% CI). Conclusions: the infusion of muña and llantén has better analgesic and gastroprotective activity compared to the extracts.

Interacción in silico de las moléculas Agatisflavona, Amentoflavona y Punicalina con la Importina α 1 humana / In silico interaction of Agathisflavone, Amentoflavone and Punicalin molecules with human Importin α1

RESUMEN Varios virus con genoma de ARN en fases iniciales de la infección realizan la translocación de proteínas al interior del núcleo de la célula hospedera mediante la vía de las importinas α1. Este transporte es fundamental para el éxito de la replicación viral y se ha convertido en un blanco para la búsqueda y desarrollo de nuevos antivirales. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar y caracterizar interacciones entre la Agatisflavona, Amentoflavona, Punicalina con el sitio mayor de unión de las Importinas α1 humanas mediante el análisis in silico del acoplamiento molecular y simulaciones de dinámica molecular. Las pruebas de acoplamiento molecular se realizaron entre estos fitoconstituyentes y la estructura de la importina α1 humana. Las afinidades de interacción fueron detectadas con la Agatisflavona, Amentoflavona y Punicalina (ΔG b = -8,8, -9,1 y -8,8 kcal.mol-1 respectivamente), con afinidades de interacción específicamente a los dominios ARM2-ARM5 (sitio mayor de unión) de las importinas α1. Las simulaciones de dinámica molecular revelaron interacciones significativamente favorables (P<0,001) con los ligandos Agatisflavona y Amentoflavona (ΔG b = -18,60±0,35 y -22,55±2,41 kcal.mol-1) mientras que la Punicalina registró mayores valores de energía de interacción (ΔG b = -5,33±1,72 kcal.mol-1). Los hallazgos obtenidos en este estudio computacional sugieren que las moléculas Agatisflavona y Amentoflavona presentan interacciones favorables con el sitio mayor de unión de las Importinas α1, en comparación a lo registrado con la Punicalina, sin embargo, se recomienda realizar ensayos in vitro a modo de confirmar estas observaciones.

ABSTRACT Several RNA-viruses during early stages of infection perform the translocation of proteins into the nucleus of host cell by the importin α1 pathway. This transport is essential for viral replication success and has become a target to search and development new antivirals. The objective of this study was to determine and characterize interactions between Agathisflavone, Amentoflavone and Punicalin with the major binding site of human importins α1 by in silico analysis of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular docking tests were performed between these phytoconstituents and the structure of human importin α1. Interaction's affinity was detected with the Agathisflavone, Amentoflavone and Punicalin (ΔG b = -8.8, -9.1 and -8.8 kcal.mol-1 respectively), with binding affinity to ARM 2-ARM 5 domains (major binding site) of importins α1. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed significantly favorable interactions (P<0.001) with the ligands Agatisflavone and Amentoflavone (ΔG b = -18.60 ± 0.35 and -22.55 ± 2.41 kcal.mol-1) meanwhile Punicalin showed higher values of interaction free energy (ΔG b = -5.33 ± 1.72 kcal.mol-1). The findings obtained suggest that Agathisflavone and Amentoflavone could favorably interact to the major binding site of Importins α1 compared to that registered with Punicalin, however, it is recommended to perform in vitro assays to confirm these observations.

Comparative in vitro study of intracanal Enterococcus faecalis reduction using photosensitizers in aPDT

Aim: To compare Enterococcus faecalis reduction after antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) used with methylene blue, toluidine blue, tannin, and curcumin as photosensitizers, an adjunct to endodontic chemomechanical preparation (CMP) in root canals of human teeth. Methods: A total of 120 single-rooted teeth were divided into 6 groups (n = 20): G1- CMP and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G2- CMP and saline solution; G3- CMP, 2.5% NaOCl, and aPDT with 0.005% methylene blue; G4- CMP, 2.5% NaOCl, and aPDT with 0.005% toluidine blue; G5- CMP, 2.5% NaOCl, and aPDT with 0.005% tannin; and G6- CMP, 2.5% NaOCl, and aPDT with 0.005% curcumin. A portable semiconductor laser was used (660 nm, 100 mW, 1.8 J, 180s) in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and a blue LED light-curing (420-480 nm, 1200 mV/cm2 ) in G6. For all groups, a 5 min pre-irradiation time was applied. Samples were collected before (initial collection), immediately after (intermediate collection) and 7 days after CMP (final collection) for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. The Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed (p < 0.05; 95% confidence interval). Results: In between-group comparisons, there was no significant difference observed in the number of CFUs at the initial (p >< 0.001) and final collections (p >< 0.001) for G2 and G3. In within-group comparisons, the number of CFUs showed a decreasing trend in G4 (p = 0.007) and G5 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Photosensitizers promoted E. faecalis reduction, with better results for tannin and curcumin. Alternative photosensitizers should be the focus of further studies.>< 0.05; 95% confidence interval). Results: In between-group comparisons, there was no significant difference observed in the number of CFUs at the initial (p < 0.001) and final collections (p >< 0.001) for G2 and G3. In within-group comparisons, the number of CFUs showed a decreasing trend in G4 (p = 0.007) and G5 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Photosensitizers promoted E. faecalis reduction, with better results for tannin and curcumin. Alternative photosensitizers should be the focus of further studies.>< 0.001) and final collections (p < 0.001) for G2 and G3. In within-group comparisons, the number of CFUs showed a decreasing trend in G4 (p = 0.007) and G5 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Photosensitizers promoted E. faecalis reduction, with better results for tannin and curcumin. Alternative photosensitizers should be the focus of further studies>< 0.001) for G2 and G3. In within-group comparisons, the number of CFUs showed a decreasing trend in G4 (p = 0.007) and G5 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Photosensitizers promoted E. faecalis reduction, with better results for tannin and curcumin. Alternative photosensitizers should be the focus of further studies

Antioxidant evaluation of the aqueous extract of hulls of Campsiandra laurifolia in colitis induced by acetic acid in Wistar rats / Avaliação antioxidante do extrato aquoso de cascas de Campsiandra laurifolia na colite induzida por ácido acético em ratos Wistar

Abstract Due to the ethnopharmacological use of Campsiandra laurifolia (Fabaceae), popularly known as Acapurana, to treat wounds and ulcers, associated with the lack of alternative treatments for intestinal inflammations such as ulcerative colitis (UC), the present work sought to characterize its phytochemical and antioxidant activities, and to evaluate remedial action in experimental colitis with acetic acid. Phytochemical analyzes were performed through qualitative and quantitative colorimetric tests of the main secondary metabolites. In the colitismodel, 24male Wistar rats aged±60 days oldwere used, divided into 4 groups: Control (CO) control+aqueous extract of C. laurifolia 50mg/kg (CO+A50); Colitis (CL); and Colitis+aqueous extract of C. laurifolia 50 mg/kg (CL+ A50).Measurement of sphincter anal pressure and histological tests of the large intestine, lipoperoxidation (LPO), enzymeactivity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and levels of glutathione (GSH)were performed. For statistical analysis, the oxidative stress (OS) results were expressed as means±standard error, adopting a significance level of p < 0.05. The screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins and tannins in the extract, with high levels of phenolic

Resumo Devido ao uso etnofarmacológico de Campsiandra laurifolia (Fabaceae), popularmente conhecida comoAcapurana, para tratar feridas e úlceras, associado à falta dealternativas de tratamentos para as inflamações intestinais como a retocolite ulcerativa (RCU), o presente trabalho buscou caracterizar sua constituição fitoquímica, sua atividade antioxidante, e avaliar sua ação reparadora na colite experimental com ácido acético. As análises fitoquímicas foram realizadas por meio de ensaios colorimétricos qualitativos e quantitativos dos principaismetabólitos secundários.Nomodelo de colite, foramutilizados 24 ratos machos Wistar de±60 dias de idade, divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (CO), controle+ extrato aquoso de C. laurifolia 50mg/kg (CO+A50); Colite (CL); e Colite+extrato aquoso de C. laurifolia (CL+ A50). Foram realizadas aferições da pressão anal esfincteriana e avaliações histológicas do intestino grosso, lipoperoxidação (LPO), atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD) e níveis da glutationa (GSH). Para a análise estatística, resultados do estresse oxidativo (EO) foram expressos em médias±erro padrão, adotando um nível de significância de p < 0,05. O screening indicou no extrato a presença de flavonoides, saponinas e taninos com altos teores de compostos fenólicos e taninos, relacionando-os a uma elevada capacidade antioxidante. Na análise histológica, o grupo CL apresentou perda das criptas, do edema e do infiltrado inflamatório. O uso do extrato de C. laurifolia reestruturou as criptas, diminuiu o edema e aumentou a pressão anal esfincteriana, com diminuição da LPO, da SOD, e aumento da GSH. Sugere-se que o uso do extrato de C. laurifolia diminui o EO por seu poder antioxidante, conferido pelos compostos fenólicos presentes no extrato.

Reduction in the in vitro ruminal methane production with the inclusion of Cucurbita foetidissima / Reducción en la producción ruminal de metano in vitro con la inclusión de Cucurbita foetidissima

ABSTRACT Objective. This research aimed to evaluate the inclusion of Cucurbita foetidissima (BG) leaves as a partial or total substitution of alfalfa hay (AH) in beef cattle diets on in vitro methane output, gas kinetics and volatile fatty acids production. Materials and Methods. Five experimental treatments were formulated with the inclusion of BG as alfalfa hay (AH) substitute at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in experimental treatments denominated CON (control), BG25, BG50, BG75 and BG100, respectively. Results. Lignin and organic matter decreased with BG inclusion (p<0.05). However, NDF, CT and TPC increased with higher levels of BG (p<0.05). Maximum gas production diminished with BG inclusion (p<0.05); whereas, microbial protein production, specific gas production rate and latency period were not affected (p>0.05). Methane production decreased linearly with BG inclusion (p<0.05). Nevertheless, CO2 production showed no changes with inclusion of graded levels of BG in the experimental treatments (p>0.05). Additionally, acetate and butyrate were not affected by BG inclusion (p>0.05); although, propionate increased linearly among treatments (p<0.05). Furthermore, inclusion of 75% of BG reduced 31% in vitro methane production without changes in CO2 production, suggesting an inhibition of endogenous methanogenesis. Conclusions. These results promote the inclusion of BG leaves as a potential and environmentally friendly forage source for beef cattle feeding.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la inclusión de hojas de Cucurbita foetidissima (BG) como sustituto parcial o total de la alfafa (AH) en la dieta de ganado de engorda sobre la cinética de producción de gas y producción ruminal in vitro de metano y ácidos grasos volátiles. Materiales y Métodos. Se formularon cinco dietas con la inclusión de BG como sustituto de heno de alfalfa a 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100% en los tratamientos experimentales que se denominaron CON (control), BG25, BG50, BG75 y BG100, respectivamente. Resultados. La lignina y la materia orgánica disminuyeron con la inclusión de BG (p<0.05). La máxima producción de gas disminuyó con la inclusión de BG (p<0.05); mientras que la producción de proteína microbiana, la tasa específica de producción de gas y el tiempo de latencia no mostraron cambios(p>0.05). La producción de metano disminuyó linealmente con la inclusión de BG (p<0.05). No obstante, la producción de CO2 no mostró cambios con la inclusión de BG en los tratamientos (p<0.05). Adicionalmente, el acetato y el butirato no fueron afectados por la inclusión de BG (p>0.05); a pesar de que el propionato se incrementó linealmente (p<0.05). Además, la inclusión de BG en un 75% redujo la producción de metano 31% sin afectar la producción de CO2, lo que sugiere una inhibición de la metanogenesis endógena. Conclusiones. Estos resultados promueven la inclusión de hojas de BG como una fuente de forraje potencial y amigable con el ambiente en la alimentación de ganado de engorda.

Investigation on in Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of Different Polar Parts of Extract of Rosa cymosa Roots / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of 75% ethanol extract of <italic>Rosa cymosa</italic> roots and its different polar parts. Method:The 75% ethanol extract of <italic>R. cymosa</italic> roots was divided into dichloromethane， ethyl acetate， <italic>n</italic>-butanol and water parts by organic solvent extraction. <italic>In vitro</italic> antioxidant activity of each fraction was determined by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and 2，2'-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid） （ABTS） free radical scavenging assays， as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP） test. The contents of total triterpenes， total phenols， total tannins and condensed tannins in each fraction were determined by spectrophotometry. SPSS 24.0 software was used to conduct Pearson correlation analysis between the antioxidant activity of each fraction and the content of the main components， and then the main active fraction and the main active components were determined. The chemical constituents of the active fraction was analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）， and the structures of the main chromatographic peaks were predicted. Result:Each fraction of <italic>R. cymosa</italic> roots had certain antioxidant activity， and there was a significant dose-effect relationship within a certain concentration range， but the antioxidant activity of different polar parts was different. In DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging tests， the antioxidant activity of each fraction and vitamin C （VC， the positive drug） was ranked as ethyl acetate fraction>VC><italic>n</italic>-butanol fraction>ethanol extract>water fraction>dichloromethane fraction. In FRAP test， the activity of ethyl acetate fraction was weaker than that of VC， and the other order was unchanged. The contents of total triterpenes， total phenols， total tannins and condensed tannins in ethyl acetate fraction were 3.81%， 50.33%， 3.32%， and 39.79%， in <italic>n</italic>-butanol fraction were 0.88%， 41.42%， 2.25% and 23.55%， in ethanol extract were 2.90%， 41.95%， 3.43% and 20.14%， in water fraction were 0， 26.80%， 16.90% and 7.57%， and in dichloromethane fraction were 21.23%， 12.90%， 1.59%， and 6.17%， respectively. Correlation analysis results showed that the contents of total phenols and condensed tannins were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity， the contents of total triterpenes were negatively correlated with the antioxidant activity， and the correlation between total tannins and antioxidant activity was not obvious. A total of 26 compounds were identified from the ethyl acetate fraction by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS， including 11 condensed tannins， 4 hydrolysable tannins， 6 triterpenes， 3 flavonoids， 1 benzoic acid derivative and 1 chlorogenic acid analogue. Conclusion:Ethyl acetate fraction is the main antioxidant active site of <italic>R. cymosa</italic> roots， and phenols mainly composed of condensed tannins are the main active components. The results can provide experimental basis for the development of natural antioxidants.

Establishmend of Content Determination of 5 Components and Their Content Difference Analysis in the Branch and Root of Juglans man dshurica / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To esta blish a method for si multaneous determination of 5 components in the branch and root of Juglans mandshurica as gallic acid ，ellagic acid ，1，6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，1，2，6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and 1，2，3， 6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，and to analyze the content difference of above 5 components between the branch and root samples. METHODS：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of water （containing 0.2％ formic acid ）-acetonitrile （containing 0.2％ formic acid ）. A gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 270 nm. The sample size was 5 μL. Independent samples t-test and partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）were applied for statistical analysis of 5 components. RESULTS ：The linear range of gallic acid ，ellagic acid ，1，6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，1，2， 6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and 1，2，3，6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose were 0.989-63.3，1.58-101，1.01-64.7，3.31-212，3.34-214 μg/mL （r≥0.997 3），respectively. RSDs of precision ，reproducibility and stability tests （12 h）were all lower than 3.2％. The average recoveries of the 5 components were 103.2％（RSD＝4.85％），99.1％（RSD＝2.80％），101.5％（RSD＝1.31％），102.9％（RSD＝ 2.73％）and 104.7％（RSD＝1.28％），respectively. The average contents of the above components in the branch of J. mandshurica were 0.296 5，0.621 1，0.562 5，3.111 7 and 3.451 3 mg/g，respectively. The average contents of above components in the root were 0.673 4，2.755 5，0.964 0，2.946 6 and 4.836 4 mg/g，respectively. The total contents of the 5 components in the branch and roo t of J. mandshurica were 8.043 2 and 12.175 9 mg/g，respectively. The contents of gallic acid ，ellagic acid and 1，6-di-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose in roots were significantly higher than those in branches （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There were no significant differences in the contents of the other 2 components and the total contents of the 5 components in branches and roots （P＞0.05）. The cumulative interpretability （R 2X，R 2Y） and cumulative predictability （Q 2） of the model established by PLS-DA were 0.943，0.745，and 0.710 respectively. The model load diagram showed that the distance between the ellagic acid and the origin was the farthest ，and only variable projection importance of the content of the ellagic acid was greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS：The established method can be used for the content determination of 5 components in the branch and root of J. mandshurica . Except for 1，2，6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，the contents of other 4 components and total contents of the 5 components in the root of J. mandshurica are higher than those of the branch. Ellagic acid is selected as the potential marker for discriminating the branch and root samples.

Research progress of tannins in traditional Chinese medicines in recent ten years / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, the newly isolated tannins were sorted after a review of the literature concerning tannins in recent 10 years, and their research progress was summarized in terms of extraction, isolation, pharmacological activity and metabolism. Hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins are the main structural types. Modern research shows that tannins have many pharmacological effects, such as bacteriostasis, antioxidation, antitumor, antivirus and blood glucose reduction, and have broad development prospects. They are usually extracted by water, ethanol and acetone and isolated and purified by macroporous resin and gel column chromatography. The packings commonly adopted for the column chromatography mainly included Sephadex LH-20, Diaion HP-20, MCI-gel CHP-20 and Toyopearl HW-40. Modern analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry(FAB-MS) and circular dichroism(CD) are generally used for the structural identification of tannins. Howe-ver, their isolation, purification and structural identification are still challenging. It is necessary to use a variety of high-throughput screening methods to explore their pharmacological activities and to explore the material basis responsible for their functions through experiments in vivo.

Therapeutic Applications Of Areca Catechu (betel Nut Tree)

Areca catechu, commonly known as betel nut tree belongs to the family Arecacea. Itgrows in much of the tropical Pacific, Africa and parts of East Asia. It has some beneficial partslike husk, leaves, nuts and sheath which can be used for different purpose. It contains alkaloidsand tannins that have anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory andantioxidant activities. The plant contains phytochemicals and phenols that have potentialbioactivity against diseases in humans. Traditional use of the plant for medicinal applicationshas to be documented for their possible use as future medicines or drugs. The nuts and leavesof the plant have also proved to be effective in the removal of heavy metals and inbioremediation. In this article, the medical applications of the areca plant as an herbal drugand its therapeutics application have been elaborated.

Nutrient Composition, Metabolites and Microbial Counts in Litter Material of Broiler Chicken Fed Condensed Tannins Containing Guava Leaf Meal Supplemented Diets: Reduce Environmental Pollution and Alternate Feedstuffs for Ruminants

Present study was conducted in 240 day-old broiler chicks to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing guava leaf meal (GLM) supplemented diet on nutrient composition, litter metabolites viz. pH, moisture and ammonia concentration) and microbial counts after completion of feeding trial of 42 days. Chicks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates of 15 chicks in each pen in a completely randomized block design (CRD). Chicks were fed basal diets supplemented with GLM @ 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 percent, in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively, while, T0 group fed only basal diet. Litter materials of chicks showed good nutrient profiles and properly sterilized litter material act as alternative feed ingredient for ruminants feed. Supplementation of GLM in the diets of chicks significantly (P<0.05) reduced moisture, pH, NH3 concentration, harmful Eschericia coli and Clostridia spp. counts in the litter materials and reduced environmental pollution. The litter material of GLM supplemented (T1, T2 and T3) chicken showed significantly higher (P<0.05) CP contents as compared to un-supplemented control. It can be concluded that properly sterilized litter material of GLM supplemented chicks act as cheaper alternative feedstuffs for ruminant’s ration and reduce environmental pollution by lowering NH3 concentration, harmful E. coli and Clostridia counts in broiler litter material

Greek yogurt with added sorghum flours: antioxidant potential and sensory acceptance / Yogurt griego adicionado de harinas integrales de sorgo: potencial antioxidante y evaluación sensorial

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the antioxidant characteristics and sensory acceptance of Greek yogurt with added whole sorghum flours (WSF) from genotypes BRS305 (tannin) and BR501 (tannin-free). Five formulations were elaborated: 1) Control (without WSF); 2) 2% BR501; 3) 4% BR501; 4) 2% BRS305 and 5) 4% BRS305 and evaluated for antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins, total phenols, condensed tannins, sensory acceptance and purchase intention. The 4% BRS305 formulation presented higher antioxidant properties, but lower sensory acceptance. No significant difference was observed for: color, flavor and overall acceptability between the control and 2% BR501; nor for texture and overall acceptability between the control and 4% BR501. Principal component analysis explained that all variables associated with antioxidant properties were positively correlated with the first major component (PC1: 82.7%). The 2% and 4% BR501 formulations were more highly correlated with PC1 (92.7%), as well as the control in relation to sensorial characteristics. The addition of WSF BRS305 improved the antioxidant properties of yogurts and the addition of WSF BR501 did not interfere with the sensory acceptance of the formulations. The similarity of the sensory acceptance of the yogurt containing WSF from the BR 501 genotype to the control, opens perspectives for the insertion of sorghum in human food, using dairy products as suitable matrices, adding potential functionality to this type of product.

RESUMEN El trabajo tuvo como propósito desarrollar y evaluar las características antioxidantes y la aceptación sensorial de yogurt griego con adición de harinas integrales de sorgo (HIS) de los genotipos BRS305 (con taninos) y BR501 (sin taninos). Cinco formulaciones fueron elaboradas: 1) Control (sin HIS); 2) 2% BR501; 3) 4% BR501; 4) 2% BRS305 y 5) 4% BRS305. Las formulaciones fueron evaluadas en función de su actividad antioxidante, antocianinas totales, fenólicos totales, taninos condensados, aceptación sensorial e intención de compra. La formulación 4% BRS305 presentó más propiedades antioxidantes, pero menor aceptación sensorial que las otras formulaciones. No se observó diferencia significativa entre el control y el 2% BR501 para el color, sabor e impresión global, ni tampoco para textura e impresión global en relación al 4% BR501. El análisis de componente principal ha explicado que todas las variables asociadas a las propiedades antioxidantes han sido positivamente correlacionadas con el primer componente principal (PC1: 82,7%). Las formulaciones 2% y 4% BR501 se han correlacionado más con el PC1 (92,7%), así como el control con las características sensoriales. La adición de HIS BRS305 ha mejorado las propiedades antioxidantes de los yogurts y la adición de HIS BR501 no ha interferido en la aceptación sensorial de las formulaciones. La similitud de la aceptación sensorial del yogurt que contiene el HIS del genotipo BR501 con el control, abre perspectivas para la inserción del sorgo en la alimentación humana, utilizando productos lácteos como matrices adecuadas, agregando funcionalidad potencial a este tipo de producto.

Acacia mearnsii tannin extract as a feed additive: impact on feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen excretion by sheep fed a tropical grass-based diet / Extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii como aditivo alimentar: impacto sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e excreção de nitrogênio em ovinos alimentados com uma dieta a base de gramínea tropical

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract (TA) on nutrients intake and digestibility, and nitrogen (N) retention by sheep given a tropical grass-based diet. The trial was conducted with six castrated male sheep in a cross-over design in two 21-days experimental periods. The sheep were housed in metabolic cages and offered Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon dactylon) ad libitum plus concentrate at a rate of 12 g of dry matter (DM)/kg body weight (BW). The treatments were concentrate without (Control) or with 10 g TA/kg DM (Tannin). Concentration of TA in the diet was 3.8 g/kg DM and did not affect the feed intake or apparent digestibility. The TA decreased the true digestibility of n compounds (P<0.05) whereas did not impact the N retention, microbial N flow to the small intestine or the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis. In conclusion, a low dietary concentration of TA did not impact the nutrients supply and N use by sheep fed with a tropical grass-based diet.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão alimentar de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii (TA) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e a retenção de nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados com uma dieta a base de gramínea tropical. O experimento foi conduzido com seis ovinos machos castrados, em delineamento em reversão simples, com dois períodos experimentais de 21 dias cada. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas e alimentadas ad libitum com feno de Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) mais concentrado oferecido a uma taxa de 12 g de matéria seca (MS)/kg de peso corporal. Os tratamentos foram: concentrado sem (Controle) ou com 10 g de TA/kg MS (Tanino). A concentração de TA na dieta foi de 3,8 g/kg MS e não afetou o consumo e nem a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. O TA diminuiu a digestibilidade verdadeira do N (P<0,05), mas não afetou a retenção de N, o fluxo microbiano de N para o intestino delgado ou a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen. Em conclusão, a inclusão de uma baixa dose de TA/kg MS na dieta não afetou a oferta de nutrientes nem o uso de N em ovinos alimentados com uma dieta baseada em uma gramínea tropical.

Chemical constituents of tannin from roots of Rheum palmatum / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of tannin from the roots of Rheum palmatum. Methods: Chemical constituents of tannins were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, medium pressure column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC from the roots of R. palmatum. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis. Results: Four tannins, 3-O-cinnamoyl-1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2-O-cinnamoyl-1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2-O-cinnamoyl-1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and 6-O-cinnamoyl-1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) were isolated from the roots of R. palmatum. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound named palmatoside.

Research progress in Terminalia chebula and its predictive analysis on Q-marker / 中草药

Terminalia chebula is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which distributed in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Tibet and etc. T. chebula is widely used in the clinical medicine of Chinese medicine and it plays a significant role in the Mongolian medicine and the Tibetan medicine. The chemical composition of T. chebula is rich and diverse, including phenolic acids, tannins, triterpenoids, aliphatics, flavonoids, volatile oils, amino acids, trace elements, carbohydrates and so on. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that T. chebula extract has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, detoxification, antibacterial, strong heart, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, anti-microbial, and promoting bronchial smooth muscle contraction. From the aspects of textual research, chemical composition characteristics, pharmacological action and so on, this paper expounds the research progress of T. chebula. According to the core concept of Q-marker, we predicted and analyzed the quality markers of T. chebula from the aspects of chemical composition characteristics, traditional efficacy, medicinal properties, pharmacokinetics, new clinical use and measurable composition. It provides reference for the quality evaluation of T. chebula.

Main chemical constituents of Changyanning Tablets based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Changyanning Tablets, a high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was established to recognize and classify the ingredients accurately and rapidly. Methods: Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 chromatographic column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was employed and the separation was performed with the mobile phase consisting of methanol-0.05% acetic acid aqueous solution. The information of accurate mass and multistage fragment ions were obtained by the monitored simultaneously for positive and negative ions. The main chemical constituents of Changyanning Tablets were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry data, combining with Pubmed, Hmdb, Massbank network database, reference literature and comparing the reference. Results: Fifty-one chemical components were finally identified in this study, including two phenylpropanoids, eight iridoids, 12 flavonoids, four tannins, 23 organic acids, and two other classes. Conclusion: This study comprehensively studies the material basis in Changyanning Tablets, which provides a basis for improving the quality evaluation system of Changyanning Tablets and lays the foundation for elucidating the active components mechanism.

Analysis of Chemical Components in Supernatant and Precipitate of Sanajon Oral Liquid Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE Technology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the main chemical components in the supernatant and precipitate of Sanajon oral liquid, so as to provide basis for establishing its quality standard and precipitation control technology. Method:UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE was used to analyze the chemical components in the supernatant and precipitate of this oral liquid. The analysis was performed on Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid solution (A) and acetonitrile (B) for gradient elution (0-1 min, 2%B; 1-2 min, 2%-5%B; 2-4 min, 5%-7%B; 4-6 min, 7%-24%B; 6-10 min, 24%-42%B; 10-12 min, 42%-54%B; 12-15 min, 54%-76%B; 15-18 min, 76%-100%B), the flow rate was set to 0.3 mL·min-1, the column temperature was 30 ℃, the injection volume was 2 µL. The mass spectrographic analysis was used with electrospray ionization (ESI), sample MS data was acquired by time-dependent MSE in negative ion mode, the collection range was m/z 50-1 200 (supernatant) and m/z 50-3 000 (precipitate). Then the chemical constituents were identified by the information of retention time, accurate relative molecular mass and secondary mass spectrum fragment. Result:Totally 61 compounds were identified in the supernatant, including tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, etc. Totally 15 compounds were identified in the precipitate, including tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, etc. Conclusion:The hydrolyzed tannin of Sanajon oral liquid may be the potential material basis of its precipitate, and its precipitate is likely to be a complex precipitate mainly composed of ellagic acid and tanned red. The established UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE can quickly and comprehensively analyze the chemical composition of Sanajon oral liquid, which can provide a scientific basis for the researches of its material basis, precipitation mechanism and quality control.

The Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Atriplex Nummularia Leaves’ Extract

Background and Objective: Tapak Liman leaves have been long used traditionally for anemia. The dried powder form ofElephantropus scaber was extracted to produce ethanol. This study aimed to prove the hematopoietic effect of tapak limanleaf. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 28 days. The samples consisted of one non-anemic group andfour anemic groups induced by 130 mg/kgBW chloramphenicol given every day for 14 days. In the last day, group 2, 3 and 4were given the extract of tapak liman leaves for 10, 30 and 100 mg/kgBW; respectively. Group 5 (as a positive control) wasgiven physiological NaCl 0.9%. The testing doses were given once a day for 14 days, and the effects were observed on day1st , 14th, 21st, and 28th. Results: The parameters used in this study were erythrocyte, hemoglobin, reticulocyte andhematocrit counts in white mice that were analyzed by two-way ANOVA showing a significant value of (p<0.05).Conclusions: The extract of tapak liman leaves could increase hematopoietic activities; hence, it could be used as analternative therapy for anemia.